海洋微生物纯培养研究进展与展望

Advances and prospects in pure culture of marine microorganisms

摘要:

微生物因其强大的生态适应性和功能多样性，在食品、农业、医学及环境等领域发挥着重要作用。然而，常规培养条件的局限性，使得绝大多数微生物仍处于“未培养”状态，限制了对其功能的探索与应用。近年来，以扩散盒为代表的原位培养技术，以及以液滴微流控为核心的高通量分选与培养平台显著促进了未/难培养微生物的分离和培养。然而，现有技术多关注微生物的分离和初代培养，对继代培养这一真正关系纯培养成功率的环节重视不够。特别是海洋微生物，其特殊的生境和代谢特性对培养基提出了更高要求。液滴微流控技术的成熟提高了分离通量并节约了劳动力，而继代培养的成功则更多依赖于培养基创新。综上，在梳理前人研究成果并融合海洋共附生细菌研究领域实践的基础上，本文提出“液滴微流控+培养基设计和优化”是未来海洋未/难培养微生物培养技术的突破方向。

Abstract:

Microorganisms play crucial roles in food, agriculture, medicine, and environmental sectors due to their remarkable ecological adaptability and functional diversity. However, only a limited number of microbial species can be cultivated under conventional laboratory conditions, leaving vast microbial diversity yet to be studied and utilized. Recent innovations, such as in situ cultivation using diffusion chambers and high-throughput sorting/cultivation via droplet microfluidics, have significantly advanced the isolation and cultivation of uncultivable microorganisms. Nevertheless, existing technologies primarily focus on initial isolation and primary cultivation, with insufficient attention to subculturing, the critical phase determining pure culture success. This gap is particularly pronounced for marine microorganisms, whose unique habitats and metabolic traits impose stringent demands on culture media. The progress in droplet microfluidics has increased the isolation flux and saved labor, while the success of subculturing relies more on the innovation of culture media. Synthesizing prior research with experience on marine organism-associated bacteria, this work proposes “droplet microfluidics+culture medium design and optimization” as the breakthrough strategy for future cultivation of marine uncultivable microorganisms.