猪圆环病毒 2型疫苗应用与研究进展

Application and research progress in porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines

摘要:

猪圆环病毒病(porcine circovirus associated disease, PCVAD)是一种由猪圆环病毒(porcine circovirus, PCV)引起的免疫抑制性疾病，给养猪业带来了严重的经济损失。其中，猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)是导致该病的主要血清型，也是最常见的致病因子。PCV2感染可引起淋巴组织耗竭、免疫抑制及多系统病变，严重影响猪群健康和生产性能。迄今尚无针对PCV2的特效药物，疫苗接种仍是防控该病的首选措施。目前商品化疫苗以灭活疫苗和亚单位疫苗为主，在PCVAD防控中发挥了重要作用。近年来，随着基因工程技术的进步，病毒样颗粒疫苗、活载体疫苗、转基因植物疫苗、纳米疫苗及核酸疫苗等新型疫苗研发取得重大进展。然而，PCV2的高变异速率和新基因型的流行导致现有疫苗对新出现毒株的保护效力下降，给防控工作带来了持续挑战。本文系统综述了PCV2的病原学特征、疫苗的研发与应用现状，重点评述了新型疫苗的研发进展，并对未来疫苗研发方向提出展望，为实现PCVAD的有效防控提供了科学依据和技术参考。

Abstract:

Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by porcine circovirus (PCV), which has led to substantial economic losses in the swine industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary genotype responsible for PCVAD and the most prevalent pathogenic agent. PCV2 infection can induce lymphoid depletion, immunosuppression, and multi-systemic lesions, severely compromising pig health and production performance. Since no specific antiviral drug against PCV2 is available, vaccination becomes the primary strategy for disease prevention and control. Currently, commercial vaccines, predominantly inactivated and subunit vaccines, play a crucial role in controlling PCVAD. In recent years, advances in genetic engineering have significantly propelled the development of novel vaccines, including virus-like particle vaccines, live vector vaccines, transgenic plant-based vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. However, the high mutation rate of PCV2 and the emergence of new genotypes have resulted in reduced efficacy of existing vaccines against newly circulating strains, posing ongoing challenges to disease control. This review systematically summarizes the etiological characteristics of PCV2 and the current landscape of vaccine development and application, with a particular focus on commenting on the progress in novel vaccine research. Finally, we prospect future directions for vaccine development, aiming to provide a scientific basis and technical references for the effective prevention and control of PCVAD.