革兰氏阴性菌外膜囊泡的研究进展

Research progress in outer membrane vesicles of Gram-negative bacteria

摘要:

细菌膜囊泡(membrane vesicles,MVs)是细菌产生的非复制性球形纳米颗粒，其中由革兰氏阴性菌自发产生的囊泡被称为外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)。OMVs可以介导脂多糖、肽聚糖、蛋白质和核酸等生物分子在群体间进行物质交流，并发挥着不同的生理学功能。近年来，基于其独特的结构和功能，OMVs已被开发应用于疫苗、佐剂、药物递送载体和癌症免疫治疗剂等多种生物制品。本文综述了革兰氏阴性菌OMVs的产生途径、组成成分和生理学功能，归纳总结了近年来OMVs在应用开发、修饰改造以及制备鉴定等方面的研究进展，并对OMVs的未来研究方向提出展望，为拓展OMVs在生物医学领域的应用提供了参考。

Abstract:

Membrane vesicles (MVs) are non-replicating spherical nanoparticles produced by bacteria. The MVs actively released from Gram-negative bacteria are termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs carry various biomolecules, such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, proteins, and nucleic acids for material exchange between cells and perform component-dependent physiological functions. In recent years, OMVs have been developed into various biological products, such as vaccines, adjuvants, drug delivery carriers, and cancer immunotherapy agents because of their unique structures and functions. This review describes the biogenesis, composition, and physiological functions of OMVs of Gram-negative bacteria, summarizes the recent research progress of OMVs in product development and cell modifications or engineering, highlights new methods for OMV preparation and characterization, and provides an outlook on the future research directions, with the aim to provide a good reference for study and development of the application of OMVs in the biomedical field.