Abstract:Abstract:Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is a class of RNA transcripts with length over 200 nucleotides and absence of the ability to encode a functional protein． Although long non-coding RNAs were previously thought as transcriptional noises，increasing evidences have recently shown that they play important roles in a variety of cellular processes through regulating epigenetic modifications and thereby affecting gene transcription，post-transcriptional processing，and protein translation．Importantly，it has been found that abnormal expression or dysregulation of lncRNAs are closely associated with tumorigenesis and host innate immune response to various infections with pathogens． In this review，we will discuss the progresses in understanding the function of lncＲNAs in these processes.

Abstract:Abstract:The historical relics exposed to the natural environment during the long-term were vulnerable to microbial invasion．According to some new studies，microorganism of Pseudonocardia may is one of the main groups on the surface of mural paintings and petroglyphs，causing damage to the paints． Based on recent research progress，we reviewed the phenomenon according to the relationship between the ancient paintings and the growth conditions of Pseudonocardia，which could provide a new theory basis for the protection of cultural relics especially mural paintings and petroglyphs．

Abstract:Abstract:Much is known about Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)，an important component of the ecosystem，whereas little is known about the signal exchange that allows mutual recognition and reprograming for the anticipated physical interaction． This review addresses the latest advances of signal exchange between plants and AM，including signal substances and their function，related genes and regulation function in the early stage of plant-fungal symbiosis.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］To screen efficient molecular markers suitable for genetic diversity analysis of Cordyceps militaris from mitochondrial DNA.［Methods］We amplified 12 mitochondrial DNA fragments and 3 nuclear DNA fragments from each of 20 C. militaris isolates and analyzed nucleotide variations on these DNA fragments.［Results］We revealed a greatly higher genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA fragments than in nuclear DNA fragments． Specifically，C. militaris isolates exhibited intron presence/absence diversity in some mitochondrial fragments，and more variable sites were found in mitochondrial fragments than in nuclear fragments. The extent of nucleotide variations also varied by mitochondrial fragment，and intronic proteins seemed to be more vulnerable to amino acid changes than exonic proteins. Genetic diversity increased with the number of molecular markers used.［Conclusion］We recommended using (in order) nad3-cox2，cox2-nad5，cox2，cox3，cob，and cox1 for future genetic diversity and population genetic studies of C.militaris.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ A strain named BS01 showed strong algicidal activity to Alexandrium tamarense and we got algicidal compound (2-isobutoxyphenyl) amine from BS01 to study its algicidal effect on A. tamarense.［Methods］We studied the algicidal mechanism of (2-isobutoxyphenyl) amine on photosynthetic process，antioxidant enzyme activities and morphological change of A. tamarense.［Results］ After 24 hours treatment with (2-isobutoxyphenyl) amine，algicidal activity was 84.1% with the concentration of 20 μg/mL. The compound could induce a reactive oxygen species burst in P. globosa in 0. 5 hours which could cause serious oxidative damage to algal cells．The Fv /Fm value which could reflect photosystem II (PS II) electron flow status also decreased． To eliminate the excess ROS，the activities of the antioxidant systems (including superoxide dismutase and catalase) increased significantly during exposure. Transmission electron microscope analysis showed obvious morphological modifications of chloroplast dismantling as a part of the algicidal process.［Conclusion］These results indicated that the lysis mechanism of algicidal compound on algae may primarily be the increasing level of ＲOS in the algal cells.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］Catalase-peroxidase KatG can protect bacteria from damage of reactive oxygen species．This study investigated the antioxidative function of catalase－peroxidase gene katG in Ｒhizobium leguminosarum 3841.［Methods］katG mutant strain of R.leguminosarum was constructed by homologous recombination．The wild type，katG mutant and complementary strain were challenged by oxidative stress and symbiotic ability.［Results］Under free－living conditions，the katG mutant exhibited no generation time extension． However，cells of the katG strain were deficient in consumption of high concentrations of H2O2 and were vulnerable after aquick exposure to H2O2. The real-time qRT-PCR results showed that katG was expressed independently of exogenous H2O2．In contrast，the katG mutant strain displayed higher express level of ohrB gene and lower expression level of grxC than the wild type． With regard to symbiotic capacities with Pisum sativum，the katG mutant was indistinguishable in root nodule nitrogenase activity and competition nodule ability from the wild type．However，katG gene was expressed significantly lower in bacteroids than that in free-living strains． Besides，the colonization of the pea rhizosphere by the katG mutant was impaired compared to that of the wild type.［Conclusion］The deletion of katG had nosignificant effect in 3841 under the free-living and symbiosis condition but was essential in antioxidation and colonization of the pea rhizosphere． Although katG could not be induced by H2O2，it still played acentral role in antioxidation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by regulating the antioxidant genes such as ohrB and grxC.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］Studying transcriptional characteristics of Rhodococcus sp.R04 is to find the genes that participate in the transportation，metabolism and regulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)，and disclose the molecular mechanism of biodegradation of PCBs． ［Methods］ Strain R04 was separately cultivated on ethanol，glucose and biphenyl. The total RNA of the above different cultures was extracted，and the cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription and determined by high-throughput sequencing. The data obtained by sequencing were analyzed to find the correlation among the PCBs metabolic network，gene transcription regulation and metabolic response.［Results］ The sequencing results showed that 375 genes were up-regulated during grown on biphenyl，relative to growth on glucose，and 332 genes were up-regulated，relative to growth on ethanol． Those genes were found to participate in multiple biological processes of biphenyl metabolite． Among the genes relative to biphenyl/PCBs degradation，the genes located on the gene cluster in the upper biphenyl pathway were significantly up-regulated，while bphC4 and bphD2 were up-regulated slightly．By contrast，the other genes encoding BphC and BphD isozymes in the biphenyl pathway were down-regulated even if growth on biphenyl.［Conclusion］Transcriptomic analysis suggested that benzoate was degraded via ortho cleavage pathway，meta cleavage pathway or protocatechuic acid pathway，which provide more valuable data for us to reveal the characteristics and regulation of downstream metabolic pathways of biphenyl and PCBs.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ To reveal the function of a polyketide synthase gene (pksPT)，probably responsible for the synthesis of Monascus pigments in Monascus ruber M7.［Methods］The pksPT was analyzed using bioinformatics method; it was disrupted using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation method，generating the pksPT-deleted mutant (ΔpksPT)．Colonial morphology，conidial germination，pigment and citrinin production，and growth rate of ΔpksPT were analyzed.［Results］The pksPT with the length of 8687 bp encoded a putative protein of 2690 amino acids，which is a non-reduced type III polyketide synthase and has some active domains with the arrangement of KS (β-ketosynthase)-AT (Acyltransferase)-ACP (Acyl carrier protein)-ACP-ME (Methyltransferase)．The analysis of ΔpksPT displayed that it could generate cleistothecum and conidum normally and was unable to produce any kinds of Monascus pigments; compared to M7，the growth rate of ΔpksPT was increased obviously and the yield of citrinin in ΔpksPT was increased about 2.8 times.［Conclusion］pksPT is of extremely importance to the biosynthetic pathways of Monascus pigments in M7 and the synthesis of Monascus pigments gives a significant effect on the produce of citrinin as well as the growth of M7.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］The aim of this study was to characterize VdSec22 of Verticillium dahliae，which is an intracellular vesicle fusion protein involved in fungal secretory pathway，and to provide a potential gene target for controlling Verticillium wilt disease.［Methods］VdSec22 deletion mutant ΔQF and functional complementation strain CΔQF by reintroducing the VdSec22 intoΔQF were constructed．Secretion ability of extracellular protein (including pectinase，cellulose，and phytotoxin protin) and pathogenicity of ΔQF and CΔQF were studied compared with that of wild type strain Vd991． Expression level of ER molecular chaperones by quantitative PCＲ was also performed to infer whether EＲ stress was induced in ΔQF．［Results］We successfully constructed VdSec22 deletion mutant strain ΔQF and functional complementation strain CΔQF．VdSec22 deficiencies did disturb secretion ability of extracellular protein such as pectinase，cellulose，and phytotoxin protin．Pathogenicity of ΔQF was dramatically reduce accordingly． We also found loss of VdSec22 resulted in ER stress in V． dahliae cells． Reintroducing functional VdSec22 into ΔQF can compensate for the deficiencies mentioned above．［Conclusion］ VdSec22 is an important secretion pathway protein involved in secretion of extracellular protein and pathogenicity in V．dahliae． VdSec22 provides a potential gene target for controlling the devastating disease．

Abstract:Abstract:［Objectives］ To enrich ammonia-oxidizing archaeon (AOA) from wastewater treatment plants，identify its phylogenetic status，morphology and determine its growth and ammonia oxidation rates． ［Methods］AOA was enriched in autotrophic medium containing antibiotics by using consecutive passage． The purity，uniformity and phylogenetic status of archaeal enrichment were determined with different molecular tools． The morphology was determined with scanning electron microscopy． The AOA growth andammonia oxidation rates were calculated from the corresponding experimental results.［Results］An AOA enrichment HJ-2b with purity of 93% was obtained． The similarity of its 16S rＲNA gene with Nitrososphaera sp．JG1 was 100%，suggesting it belonged to Nitrososphaera spp., although the similarity of amoA gene between these two species was only 72%． HJ-2b cell was rod-shaped，with the maximum specific growth rate of 0.43 d－1，the specific ammonia-oxidation rate of 3. 9 fmol/(cell·d).［Conclusions］HJ-2b has great significance in studying the occurrence and contribution of AOA in wastewater treatment.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］We studied the changes in soil bacterial communities induced by ground mulch managements at different apple growth periods.［Methods］We adopted the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with PCRamplified 16S rRNA fragments to determine soil bacterial community structure and diversity.［Results］ Soil bacterial community structure with different ground mulch managements were significantly different． Both the mulch management strategies and apple growth periods affected the predominant groups and their abundance in soil bacterial communities．Grass mulch and cornstalk mulch treatments had higher bacterial diversity and richness than the control at young fruit period and fruit expanding period，whereas film mulch treatment had no significant difference compared with the control．During mature period，bacterial diversity in the control reached its maximum，which may be ascribed to the rapid growth and reproduction of the r-selection bacteria． The clustering and detrended correspondence analysis revealed that differences in soil bacterial communities were closely correlated to apple growth periods and ground mulch managements．Soil samples from the grass mulch and cornstalk mulch treatments clustered together while those mulched with plastic film treatment were similar to the control．The most abundant phylum in soil bacterial community was Proteobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes． Some other phyla were also detected，such as Acidobacteria，Firmicutes，Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi． ［Conclusion］ Mulching with plant (Grass/Cornstalk) had great effects on soil bacterial community structure and enhanced the diversity while film mulch management had no significant effects．

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］To study the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Picea asperata in Xin Jiashan Forest of Qinling Mountains．［Methods］This method combined the field investigation，morphological and molecular biology to identify ectomycorrhizal fungi. [Results］There were 37 different ectomycorrhizal fungi under 14 genera of 10 families on spruce in Xin Jiashan Forest of Qinling Mountains，34 types belonged to Basidiomycetes，1 to Ascomycete and 2 to unknown species． Among these identified ectomycorrhizal fungi types，Inocybe sp． was the dominant group; Russula nauseosa was the most dominant species; Hygrophorus sp.，Tomentella coerulea，Inocybe sp.1，Helotiaceae sp． and Lactarius deterrimus were common species; and the rest species were rare species.［Conclusion］The large number but relatively rare species of dominant family and the small number but relatively more species of rare family survived in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Picea asperata． For the extreme degradation in arid area of western ecological system，identifing some rare family for further development and utilization had very important practical significance.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonizing roots have been increasingly investigated by molecular approaches with AMF-specific PCR primers. However，it is difficult to compare the species diversity and species compositions of AMF communities across various studies due to the PCR primers used differently，and also little is known if significant difference of community compositions is characterized by different primers. We aim to compare the difference of efficiency of four primers for AMF.［Methods］We chose four commonly used AMF-specific primer combinations (NS31-AM1，AML1-AML2，NS31-AML2 and SSUmCf-LSUmBr)，and used 18S rDNA clone libraries to describe the AMF diversity and community.［Results］Our results showed that the specificity and coverage varied among the tested primers，different primer combinations would yield distinct patterns of species diversity and composition of AMF community． SSUmCf-LSUmBr had the best specificity and coverage in amplifying AMF sequences，followed by NS31-AML2 and NS31-AM1，and AML1-AML2 showed the lowest specificity towards AMF sequences． ［Conclusion］SSUmCf-LSUmBr is not the optimal primer pair for AMF community study in current stage due to limited reference sequences and large DNA size． As an alternative，NS31-AML2 is more suitable in AMF community study，because its target rDNA region could well match the increasingly used virtual taxonomy database (http://maarjam.botany.ut.ee) and also its suitable DNA size could be efficiently used in high-throughput sequencing.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ We examined the effect of fluoride on gut microflora of silkworm.［Methods］ After DNA extraction and PCR amplification，clone libraries of 16S rRNA gene fragment were constructed． Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was performed by digestion of the 16S rRNA gene，and each unique restriction fragment polymorphism pattern was designated as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU)．A total of 14 OTUs were identified from intestinal samples of both T6 and 734. Phylogenetic trees of bacterial 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences were constructed and analyzed． Furthermore，the dominant bacteria were studied by the nested polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DDGE) technology.［Results］After fluorosis，the flora of Enterococcus and Bacillus reduced． However，the flora of Staphylococcus increased.［Conclusion］Fluoride can destroy the balance of microflora in the gut of silkworm by changing the bacteria diversity and proportion，which has bigger effect to 734 than T6.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］To study the effect of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) on Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication.［Methods］ The effect and mechanism of PTTG1 on HBV replication were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)，immunoblot analysis，real-time PCR，dual-luciferase reporter assays and immunoblot analysis.［Results］PTTG1 impairs the repression of P53 on HBV enhancer I and enhancer II through decreasing the protein level of P53，resulting in promotion of HBV replication.［Conclusion］PTTG1 enhances HBV replication through suppression of P53.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ To develop a host-vector balanced lethal system of Salmonella typhimurium adenylate cyclase mutant，and detect its biological characteristics.［Methods］ We constructed SL1344ΔcyaΔasd mutant strain by recombinant suicide plasmid ( pＲEΔasd)，and screened by two-step method，transformed pYA3493 plasmid containing the asd gene without resistance electric into the lack of SL1344 ΔcyaΔasd，then the recombinant strains SL1344 ΔcyaΔasd (pYA3493) was constructed successfully.［Results］The biochemical characteristics and growth rate of the mutant were different from that of the wild strain SL1344，but almost the same as that of the parent strain SL1344Δcya. The mutant strain could neither ferment maltose，lactose，and sorbitol，nor decompose H2 S，galactose and rat lee sugar，but still retained the ability to use glucose． The one-day chicken lethal test showed that SL1344ΔcyaΔasd (pYA3493) mutant was at least 104 times lower than SL1344 strain． The protection rate induced by the SL1344ΔcyaΔasd ( pYA3493) mutant was 62.5%.［Conclusion］The SL1344ΔcyaΔasd (pYA3493) mutant was successfully constructed，and had good immune protection，it laid a foundation for developing potential oral vaccines.

Abstract:Abstract:［Objective］ To study the biological features of the Acinetobacter baumannii persisters and the correlation between Type II toxin-antitoxin systems (TAs) and the persisters.［Methods］Different antibiotics were used to isolate the persisters; BLAST programs were adopted to analyze candidate TAs; PCR was used to detect the distribution of TAs.［Results］The number of persisters was different when treated by different antibiotics. For most antibiotics，the higher the concentration used，the lower the persister number was obtained. Persister numbers in exponential phase populations were lower than that in stationary phase. Polymyxin B and tobramycin could kill persisters.［Conclusion］The persistence level of A. baumannii is related to the growth state of the strains，the class and concentration of antibiotics.