Advances in molecular mechanisms of adaptive immunity mediated by type Ⅰ-E CRISPR/Cas system-A review

Abstract:

To better adapt to the environment, prokaryocyte can take up exogenous genes(from bacteriophages, plasmids or genomes of other species) through horizontal gene transfer. Accompanied by the acquisition of exogenous genes, prokaryocyte is challenged by the invasion of 'selfish genes'. Therefore, to protect against the risk of gene transfer, prokaryocyte needs to establish mechanisms for selectively taking up or degrading exogenous DNA. In recent years, researchers discovered an adaptive immunity, which is mediated by the small RNA guided DNA degradation, prevents the invasion of exogenous genes in prokaryocyte. During the immune process, partial DNA fragments are firstly integrated to the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR) located within the genome DNA, and then the mature CRISPR RNA transcript and the CRISPR associated proteins(Cas) form a complex CRISPR/Cas for degrading exogenous DNA. In this review, we will first briefly describe the CRISPR/Cas systems and then mainly focus on the recent advances of the function mechanism and the regulation mechanism of the type I-E CRISPR/Cas system in Escherichia coli.