嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌功能发掘与应用现状

Akkermansia muciniphila: functional exploration and application progress

摘要:

益生菌作为维持肠道稳态的核心功能菌群，在生命科学与医学研究中备受关注。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila, AKK)是一种严格厌氧的革兰氏阴性菌，自被发现以来，凭借其独特的代谢特性与显著的益生潜力已迅速成为肠道微生态领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了AKK的发现历程、生理特性及分离筛选进展，重点阐述了其在人类及动物疾病防治中的重要作用。AKK对肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、代谢性疾病及炎症性肠病等多种疾病均具有潜在干预价值，为相关疾病的防治提供了新的研究视角与潜在靶点。在此基础上，本文进一步揭示了AKK发挥益生功效的核心机制：其主要通过调节肠道微生态平衡与肠道屏障功能、调控机体代谢过程及免疫反应、介导肠道与其他多系统间的交互作用等途径，实现对机体健康的保护与疾病的干预。为明确AKK的实际应用价值，本文总结了其功能相关蛋白及制剂在健康领域的应用现状，深入分析了其在临床诊疗中的应用场景与发展潜能，同时剖析了该菌在产业化应用过程中面临的瓶颈与挑战，为后续AKK相关的基础研究、应用开发及产业化推进提供了全面的理论参考与方向指引。

Abstract:

As a key group of the gut microbiota that helps maintain intestinal homeostasis, probiotics have attracted significant attention in life science and medical research. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), a strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, has swiftly become a central topic in gut microbiota research owing to its unique metabolic properties and considerable probiotic potential. This review systematically summarizes the discovery, physiological characteristics, and isolation methodologies and screening of AKK, while placing a particular emphasis on its role in preventing and managing a spectrum of human and animal diseases (including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, and inflammatory bowel diseases), thereby offering novel perspectives and potential targets for disease intervention. Furthermore, this review elucidates the core mechanisms underlying the probiotic functions of AKK. Specifically, AKK exerts beneficial effects on host health and therapeutic effects on diseases primarily through three key pathways: modulating intestinal microecological balance and barrier integrity, regulating systemic metabolic processes and immune responses, and mediating intricate crosstalk between the intestine and multiple extra-intestinal systems. To assess the translational efficiency of AKK, we summarize the current application status of its functional-related proteins and preparations in health, analyze clinical application scenarios and potential, and discuss existing bottlenecks and challenges in industrial application. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical reference and directional guidance for future basic research, application development, and industrialization of AKK.